移動苗床網花卉灌溉方法及注意事項
近(jin)幾(ji)年來，我(wo)國花(hua)卉產業逐漸(jian)壯(zhuang)大，花(hua)卉種植(zhi)品種不斷增多(duo)，花(hua)卉灌溉(gai)方式也開始多(duo)元化發展，本文就常用的灌溉(gai)方式進行分析。
滴灌
是指(zhi)所用灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)水(shui)(shui)器以(yi)(yi)點滴(di)(di)狀或連(lian)續(xu)細(xi)小(xiao)水(shui)(shui)流(liu)等(deng)滴(di)(di)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)形式(shi)澆灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)作物的(de)(de)(de)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)溉系統(tong)。滴(di)(di)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)系統(tong)中常見的(de)(de)(de)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)水(shui)(shui)器有滴(di)(di)頭、滴(di)(di)箭(jian)、滴(di)(di)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)管、滴(di)(di)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)帶等(deng)。滴(di)(di)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)系統(tong)是***先進的(de)(de)(de)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)溉方式(shi)之一(yi)，采用滴(di)(di)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)，可以(yi)(yi)避免其他灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)溉方式(shi)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)水(shui)(shui)后濕度過大(da)易(yi)引起作物染病的(de)(de)(de)弊端，因此(ci)滴(di)(di)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)可以(yi)(yi)說是絕大(da)多(duo)數溫室(shi)花卉灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)溉系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)***佳(jia)選(xuan)擇(ze)。
滴(di)灌(guan)系統具(ju)有省工(gong)、省水(shui)、節能(neng)、優(you)(you)質、增產、適(shi)應范(fan)圍廣(guang)、易于實現自動控制等優(you)(you)點，還可以配合(he)施(shi)肥設(she)備，精確地(di)對花卉(hui)進行(xing)隨水(shui)追肥或施(shi)藥等作業。其不足之(zhi)處是設(she)備投資較(jiao)高、系統的(de)抗堵塞(sai)性能(neng)差，因(yin)此滴(di)灌(guan)對水(shui)質要求較(jiao)高。
使(shi)用(yong)(yong)滴(di)(di)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)系統(tong)時(shi)(shi)，需注(zhu)意以下(xia)幾個(ge)事項。一是滴(di)(di)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)系統(tong)與傳統(tong)的(de)(de)畦灌(guan)(guan)(guan)、管(guan)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)等灌(guan)(guan)(guan)溉方(fang)式***大(da)的(de)(de)區(qu)別在于(yu)“少量多(duo)次(ci)”。二(er)是種植花卉多(duo)用(yong)(yong)基質，因(yin)此滴(di)(di)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)管(guan)(帶)在選型時(shi)(shi)需注(zhu)意以下(xia)幾點：滴(di)(di)頭間距不能(neng)選大(da);滴(di)(di)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)管(guan)(帶)在鋪(pu)設時(shi)(shi)一定(ding)(ding)(ding)要出(chu)水口朝(chao)上或(huo)者平行于(yu)地(di)表，不能(neng)朝(chao)下(xia);過濾裝置一定(ding)(ding)(ding)要定(ding)(ding)(ding)期(qi)清(qing)洗(xi)，建議每次(ci)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)溉后清(qing)洗(xi)，禁止將濾芯(xin)取出(chu)不用(yong)(yong)。
微(wei)噴
是(shi)指所用(yong)灌(guan)水(shui)器(qi)以噴(pen)灑(sa)水(shui)流狀態澆灌(guan)作物的(de)灌(guan)溉系統(tong)。微(wei)噴(pen)系統(tong)的(de)灌(guan)水(shui)器(qi)有各種微(wei)噴(pen)頭和噴(pen)水(shui)帶(dai)。露地微(wei)噴(pen)系統(tong)一般(ban)將(jiang)噴(pen)水(shui)帶(dai)地表鋪(pu)設(she)或是(shi)將(jiang)微(wei)噴(pen)頭地插;在設(she)施中，一般(ban)將(jiang)微(wei)噴(pen)頭倒掛在設(she)施骨架上，以避免影響微(wei)噴(pen)系統(tong)對田(tian)間其他(ta)作物進行作業。
微(wei)(wei)(wei)噴(pen)(pen)系(xi)統微(wei)(wei)(wei)噴(pen)(pen)頭(tou)分旋轉式(shi)和(he)散射(she)式(shi)兩(liang)種，旋轉式(shi)微(wei)(wei)(wei)噴(pen)(pen)頭(tou)一般(ban)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于補充(chong)灌(guan)溉;散射(she)式(shi)微(wei)(wei)(wei)噴(pen)(pen)頭(tou)又(you)分為(wei)折(zhe)射(she)式(shi)和(he)離心(xin)式(shi)兩(liang)種，折(zhe)射(she)式(shi)微(wei)(wei)(wei)噴(pen)(pen)頭(tou)一般(ban)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于降(jiang)溫(wen)加(jia)濕(shi)和(he)灌(guan)溉兼顧的場所，離心(xin)式(shi)微(wei)(wei)(wei)噴(pen)(pen)頭(tou)一般(ban)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于降(jiang)溫(wen)加(jia)濕(shi)和(he)無土中(zhong)(zhong)的霧化灌(guan)溉。在設施生產中(zhong)(zhong)，宜將滴灌(guan)與微(wei)(wei)(wei)噴(pen)(pen)系(xi)統結合使用(yong)(yong)(yong)，滴灌(guan)系(xi)統主要用(yong)(yong)(yong)于灌(guan)溉，微(wei)(wei)(wei)噴(pen)(pen)系(xi)統用(yong)(yong)(yong)于補充(chong)灌(guan)溉、降(jiang)溫(wen)加(jia)濕(shi)、調節設施田間(jian)小氣(qi)候。
使用(yong)微(wei)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)系(xi)(xi)統需注意以(yi)下幾(ji)點(dian)：一(yi)(yi)是(shi)微(wei)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)頭(tou)在倒掛安(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)時(shi)，必須安(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)防(fang)滴(di)(di)器，防(fang)止(zhi)(zhi)停(ting)水后(hou)微(wei)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)頭(tou)滴(di)(di)水對花(hua)卉造(zao)成危(wei)害;二是(shi)如果(guo)在設施中微(wei)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)系(xi)(xi)統和(he)滴(di)(di)灌(guan)系(xi)(xi)統同時(shi)共(gong)用(yong)一(yi)(yi)個水源，要在滴(di)(di)灌(guan)系(xi)(xi)統安(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)減壓裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置或者(zhe)在微(wei)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)系(xi)(xi)統安(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)局(ju)部加壓裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置，防(fang)止(zhi)(zhi)滴(di)(di)灌(guan)系(xi)(xi)統爆破(po)或者(zhe)微(wei)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)系(xi)(xi)統不(bu)噴(pen)(pen)(pen);三是(shi)過濾(lv)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置一(yi)(yi)定(ding)要定(ding)期清洗，建議每(mei)次灌(guan)溉(gai)后(hou)清洗，禁(jin)忌(ji)將濾(lv)芯取出不(bu)用(yong)。
人造霧系統(tong)
是(shi)指所用灌水器(qi)以霧狀(zhuang)噴(pen)(pen)灑作物的灌溉方式。人造霧的工(gong)作壓力非(fei)常大(da)，一(yi)般(ban)在(zai)4MPa至(zhi)12MPa，因此霧化效(xiao)果(guo)非(fei)常好，一(yi)般(ban)用于連棟溫(wen)室中的高檔花卉(hui)降溫(wen)加濕(shi)，也可以用來(lai)噴(pen)(pen)藥和消毒(du)。
使用(yong)人(ren)(ren)造(zao)霧系(xi)統需注意以下(xia)幾點：一(yi)是人(ren)(ren)造(zao)霧噴(pen)頭(tou)的(de)出(chu)水(shui)口徑很小，對水(shui)質的(de)要求非常高，通常采用(yong)軟化(hua)水(shui)，防(fang)止(zhi)噴(pen)頭(tou)堵塞，一(yi)旦出(chu)現噴(pen)頭(tou)堵塞現象，可將噴(pen)頭(tou)拆(chai)下(xia)，用(yong)超(chao)聲波清洗器進(jin)行(xing)清洗;二是人(ren)(ren)造(zao)霧系(xi)統的(de)加壓泵(beng)需要定(ding)期保養，更換(huan)機油;三是該系(xi)統一(yi)般采用(yong)自控系(xi)統進(jin)行(xing)控制，根據溫度和濕(shi)度自動(dong)開啟(qi)和關閉。
